PA1.1-3,PA2.1-8 | Cell Injury, Adaptation & Cell Death — Practice Quiz

A 58-year-old man undergoes emergency coronary angioplasty 40 minutes after the onset of crushing chest pain. On histology of the reperfused myocardium, you observe swollen mitochondria, myelin figures, and eosinophilic cytoplasm without nuclear changes. Which of the following best describes the stage of injury in this tissue?

During cell injury, cytosolic free calcium rises sharply. Which combination of downstream effects DIRECTLY contributes to irreversible membrane damage?

A 70-year-old diabetic man presents with a gangrenous right foot that is dry, shrivelled, and black with a clear line of demarcation from living tissue. Which type of necrosis is this, and what is the primary mechanism?

On histology of a lung biopsy from a patient with reactivation tuberculosis, you see an area of pale, structureless, 'cheese-like' material surrounded by epithelioid macrophages and Langhans giant cells. Which combination of necrosis patterns produces this appearance?

A 35-year-old woman is found to have a cervical smear showing cells with increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear pleomorphism, loss of polarity, and abnormal mitoses confined to the lower two-thirds of the cervical epithelium, with an intact basement membrane. What is the correct pathological classification?

A 45-year-old bodybuilder stops anabolic steroid use after 10 years. Biopsy of the biceps 6 months later shows muscle fibres that are smaller than normal with preserved fibre number and no inflammation. Which cellular adaptation is demonstrated?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cell injury via multiple mechanisms. Which of the following BEST describes how ROS damage cellular membranes?

During apoptosis via the INTRINSIC pathway, which of the following sequences correctly describes the key molecular events?

A 12-year-old girl presents with bilateral parotid swelling, fever, and severe abdominal pain. Serum amylase is markedly elevated. Ultrasound reveals saponification (chalky white deposits) around the pancreas. Which type of necrosis and mechanism best explains these deposits?

A 68-year-old woman with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism develops calcium deposits in the walls of medium-sized arteries and pulmonary alveoli. This is an example of which type of pathological calcification, and what is the key distinguishing feature from the other type?

On autopsy of a chronic alcoholic, the hepatocytes show large clear vacuoles that displace the nucleus to the periphery, and Sudan red staining is positive. A second finding is intracytoplasmic pink ropy inclusions. What are these two accumulations and what is the metabolic basis of the first?

A 72-year-old woman with no significant medical history is noted to have brown granular pigment in periportal hepatocytes on liver biopsy. Prussian blue staining is NEGATIVE. The patient is otherwise healthy. What is this pigment, and what is its significance?